مقاله درباره رفتار سازمانی لاتین Organization studies 14 ص

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Organizational studies

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Organizational studies, organizational behaviour, and organizational theory is the systematic study and careful application of knowledge about how people - as individuals and as groups - act within organizations.

Overview

Organizational studies encompasses the study of organizations from multiple viewpoints, methods, and levels of analysis. For instance, one textbook [1] divides these multiple viewpoints into three perspectives: modern, symbolic, and postmodern. Another traditional distinction, present especially in American academia, is between the study of "micro" organizational behavior -- which refers to individual and group dynamics in an organizational setting -- and "macro" organizational theory which studies whole organizations, how they adapt, and the strategies and structures that guide them. To this distinction, some scholars have added an interest in "meso" -- primarily interested in power, culture, and the networks of individuals and units in organizations -- and "field" level analysis which study how whole populations of organizations interact. In Europe these distinctions do exist as well, but are more rarely reflected in departmental divisions.

Whenever people interact in organizations, many factors come into play. Modern organizational studies attempt to understand and model these factors. Like all modernist social sciences, organizational studies seek to control, predict, and explain. There is some controversy over the ethics of controlling workers' behaviour. As such, organizational behaviour or OB (and its cousin, Industrial psychology) have at times been accused of being the scientific tool of the powerful.[citation needed] Those accusations notwithstanding, OB can play a major role in organizational development and success.

The goal of the organizational theorist is to revitalize organizational theory and develop a better conceptualization of organizational life.[2] An organizational theorist should carefully consider levels assumptions being made in theory[3], and is concerned to help managers and administrators.[4]

[edit] History

The Greek philosopher Plato wrote about the essence of leadership. Aristotle addressed the topic of persuasive communication. The writings of 16th century Italian philosopher Niccolò Machiavelli laid the foundation for contemporary work on organizational power and politics. In 1776, Adam Smith advocated a new form of organizational structure based on the division of labour. One hundred years later, German sociologist Max Weber wrote about rational organizations and initiated discussion of charismatic leadership. Soon after, Frederick Winslow Taylor introduced the systematic use of goal setting and rewards to motivate employees. In the 1920s, Australian-born Harvard professor Elton Mayo and his colleagues conducted productivity studies at Western Electric's Hawthorne plant in the United States.

Though it traces its roots back to Max Weber and earlier, organizational studies is generally considered to have begun as an academic discipline with the advent of scientific management in the 1890s, with Taylorism representing the peak of this movement. Proponents of scientific management held that rationalizing the organization with precise sets of instructions and time-motion studies would lead to increased productivity. Studies of different compensation systems were carried out.

After the First World War, the focus of organizational studies shifted to analysis of how human factors and psychology affected organizations, a transformation propelled by the identification of the Hawthorne Effect. This Human Relations Movement focused on teams, motivation, and the actualization of the goals of individuals within organizations.

Prominent early scholars included Chester Barnard, Henri Fayol, Arjen Blankesteijn, Frederick Herzberg, Abraham Maslow, David McClelland, and Victor Vroom.

The Second World War further shifted the field, as the invention of large-scale logistics and operations research led to a renewed interest in rationalist approaches to the study of organizations. Interest grew in theory and methods native to the sciences, including systems theory, the study of organizations with a complexity theory perspective and complexity strategy. Influential work was done by Herbert Alexander Simon and James G. March and the so-called "Carnegie School" of organizational behavior.

In the 1960s and 1970s, the field was strongly influenced by social psychology and the emphasis in academic study was on quantitative research. An explosion of theorizing, much of it at Stanford University and Carnegie Mellon, produced Bounded Rationality, Informal Organization, Contingency Theory, Resource Dependence, Institutional Theory, and Organizational Ecology theories, among many others.

Starting in the 1980s, cultural explanations of organizations and change became an important part of study. Qualitative methods of study became more acceptable, informed by

دانلود کتاب علف‌های هرز با عنوان لاتین The Book of Weeds

اختصاصی از نیک فایل دانلود کتاب علف‌های هرز با عنوان لاتین The Book of Weeds دانلود با لینک مستقیم و پر سرعت .

در این بخش کتاب علف‌های هرز با عنوان لاتین The Book of Weeds: How to Deal With Plants That Behave Badly برای دانلود قرار داده شده است. این کتاب در 147 صفحه، با فرمت PDF و به زبان انگلیسی می‌باشد. در ذیل فهرست مطالب و صفحه مشخصات آن آورده شده است.

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Overriew

Attention to personnel, subject that to obtain adherent in this period of ten days. Managers have understood the basic role personnel in the organization. As workplace became more complex the need arose for only who specialized in hiring, plant working condition and dealing with workers aboat working condition and benefits.

The subject use desired of personal propounded from beginning growth management. Management scientists to express ones opinion for dissolving this problem Becouse grout hand development of organization is in pledge use desired of employecs.

We will want to known resin non use desired mangers of employees.

This research study relation ship accomplish management duties and use desired of employees.

Breed progency this research is result study that accomplished above 30 manager from manages of organization social securing Tehran city in 1379.

for analysis information use of regrasion analysis and computer program splus. Results this reseach is showing that non – atlention to accomplish manager duties is the most important factor in non – use desired managers of employees.

دانلود کتاب زیرساخت‌های سبز جهانی با نام لاتین Global Green Infrastructure

اختصاصی از نیک فایل دانلود کتاب زیرساخت‌های سبز جهانی با نام لاتین Global Green Infrastructure دانلود با لینک مستقیم و پر سرعت .

در این بخش کتاب زیرساخت‌های سبز جهانی با نام لاتین Global Green Infrastructure: Lessons for successful policy-making, investment and management برای دانلود قرار داده شده است. این کتاب به فرمت PDF، در 225 صفحه و با زبان انگلیسی می‌باشد. در ذیل صفحه مشخصات، فهرست مطالب و همچنین تعدادی از صفحات نمونه آن آورده شده است. 

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Introduction

As long as the whole history of language, people have tried to express themselves through singing or dancing, and sharing those moments with others. All this liveliness and purity is base to the pure literature of children. It is generally and historically believes to be a great deal apart from that of adults, in that it magnifies purity and great qualities of the characters in it: the ones that are always helping, caring, and sharing.

The skies of the works and stories of this literature have always been portrayed as blue with little foamy white clouds. The trees of this realm have never been birdless or leafless. The rivers never dry and the rushing sound of the little streams never stops. All over the history of children's literature a soul of innovation has been dominating and exhaustion of ideas quite far from being observable. The world of this literature has beautifully and interestingly animated every single thing in the place.

The birds do not just sing, they also talk. The stones have lovely conversations with trees. The generosity of the sun never turns into cruelty and it is only in this place that we can make "grass" plural with "es". The universality of this literature is so amazing that no other genre can ever be accepted so warmly and gladly by all people from different parts of the world, and this is children's literature that has remained quite untouched under the destructive effects of today's mechanic life.

The world of children has always been synonymous with delight and purity. Children expect everything that is good to happen. Be it daddy's arrival with a pack of sweet candies or a fantastic and full of cartoon characters mid-day dream. They live in the moment and do not seem to worry about the years and decades to come. Kids just do not think that the man walking on the sidewalk is supposedly the blood-thirsty vampire that most adults are afraid of. To them dark clouds herald the freshness of the rain. They paint the world as they love it to be. Even if any monsters exist in their world, they tend to be cute and sweet story-characters. This nice and fantastic world is best reflected in the works collectively gathered under the umbrella of children's literature.

Peter Hunt in his Criticism, Theory, and Children's Literature defines children's literature as "books read by, especially suitable for, or especially satisfying for, members of the group currently defined as children"(61). He furthermore distinguishes children's literature to be "active", "optimistic", and "child-oriented"(63). This optimism and activity has to do with the concept of freedom embedded in children's works. Roni Natov in his book, The Poetics of Childhood, believes that children's literature "in response to our polluted, war torn, and power-hungry world…in its varied marginal landscapes, suggests an inclusive society in which children can find a safe and creative way to live (263).

He goes on to claim that "the green world of childhood is a response to the worldliness of this world that runs contrary to what is against the children's sense of freedom"(91).

While all the above-mentioned characteristics and definitions bear shades of truth, it seems that the realm of children's literature entails more than just books, as Hunt puts it. This overlapping notion of children's literature enjoys a great deal of other types of work, either written or spoken. Nursery rhymes, lullabies, and fairy tales, as the bases of research in this paper, are all considered to be the inseparable components of children's literature, or to put it more accurately, its scaffolding.

Lullabies as one of the most ancient forms of song have survived through the course of centuries. These soft songs have for quite a long time helped mothers accompany their darling kids to sleep, while their fathers have been away or gone forever. In spite of all the artificialities of the modern age we are living in, children still tend to be sent to sleep, hearing their mothers singing some sweet and soothing lullabies like the ones below.

Bye Baby Bunting is a very beautiful and sweet song that keeps itself singing in the mind of yesterday's and today's kids.

Bye, baby, bunting,

Father's gone hunting,

Mother's gone a-milking.

Sister's gone a-silking,

Brother's gone to buy a skin,

To wrap the baby bunting in.

Sleep, Baby, Sleep is another lullaby which has led hundreds of thousands of children into the fantastic and imaginary world of dreams like that of Alice in Wonderland.

Sleep, baby, sleep,

Our cottage vale is deep.

The little lamb is on the green,

With snowy fleece so soft and clean.

Sleep, baby, sleep,

Sleep, baby, sleep.

Human beings have for a long long time outpoured their feeling physically and vocally. At times of anger shouting has proved helpful. Or when they are in dull pain, moaning has helped them calm down. Yet, the story has not always been so painful and disappointing. There have been times of happiness as well. Men have historically developed some harmonious movements generally known as dance, and for the vocal part they have created songs. Among these songs some are more fanciful and entertaining. Iona and Peter Opie in an introduction to The Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes claim that:

"At least one quarter, and very likely one half of the rhymes are more than 200

years old. More than 40 percent of rhymes have been found recorded before the

close of the 18th century, and at least one quarter of these set down before the close of the previous century"(7).

The elegance and refreshing qualities of nursery rhymes are so great that even a grown up man or woman cannot help moving and humming to the rhythm of these cool songs. Different cultures and different eras have produced diverse rhymes. Some nursery rhymes are well-known and sung in English speaking countries which are mostly recited bye the famous character "Mother Goose". A couple of these rhymes are rather old and are remembered bye the middle-aged or even the ones having enjoyed some score years. "Jack and Jill" is a good example of these old rhymes. It goes:

Jack and Jill went up the hill,

To fetch a pail of water,

Jack fell down and broke his crown,

Jill came tumbling after.

"Humpty Dumpty" is another instance which lies in the story of an egg-shaped doll with the same name. The rhyme goes:

Humpty Dumpty sat on a wall,

Humpty Dumpty had a great fall,

All the king's horse, and all the king's men,

Can't put Humpty Dumpty together again.

A few nursery rhymes are sung in Persian speaking countries. One category includes old ones that are scattered in different regions, some of which are sung on special days. "Haji Firuz" is one of the oldest that is chanted on New Year's Eve and the days prior to it. This delightful rhyme heralds the arrival of the inspiring spring. The song goes:

It's me here, Haji Firuz,

Just once in a year,

Everybody knows that,

I, as well, my dear.

One other category entails the new rhymes that are mainly created

as the byproducts of kids' programs. "The Shepherd" is one of the newest that first appeared in one of the televized children's programs

called "Rangeenkaman", the Persian equivalent for "The Rainbow".

چوپونه کجاست؟ تو صحراست مواظب گله هاست

گله باید چرا کنه وع وع وع صدا کنه

یونجه و شبدر بخوره علف های تر بخوره

چوپون باید زرنگ باشه قوی و اهل جنگ باشه

جنگ با کی؟ با گرگا صد افرین ماشالله

"My Lovely Doll" is another girlish rhyme which is sung to a doll.

عروسک قشنگ من قرمز پوشیده

تو رختخواب مخمل ابیش خوابیده

مامان یه روز رفته بازار اونو خریده

قشنگ تر از عروسکم هیچکس ندیده

عروسک من! چشماتو وا کن

وقتی که شب شد اون وقت لالا کن

بعدش بیا توی حیاط با من بازی کن

During their long and historical journey, fairy tales have exhilarated so many children, and surprisingly enough, a great deal of adults.

Some of these stories are known and recited locally as some means of entertaining people in long and dark nights of the dark centuries prior to the invention of light bulb. The tale of "Sadko" in Russia is one example of these local stories, which is about a man of music who faces some odd events. The gist of the story is: Sadko, a musician of Novgorod who falls in love with the river Volkhov. He plays so well that the lord of the seas invites him to play for him under the ocean. There he meets and marries the daughter of the Lord of the seas who surprisingly turns out to be the river Volkhov personified. A handful of fairy tales are globally acknowledged as the kings and masterpieces of children's literature. One category of these tales includes fictions. By fiction here it is meant that no real-world references are to be found in them. "Pinocchio" is one of the most noticeable instances of these fictions this narrates the story of a doll maker who wishes to have a son. To his great astonishment, one of his dolls turns into a little boy, whom he calls "Pinocchio". The plot is quite easy and pleasing to the fragile minds of the little kids who might read or hear it. Another instance of these fictions is "Jack and the Beanstalk". The story is of a little boy and his widow mother, who try to earn a living bye milking their cow and selling the milk in the marketplace. The boy happens to be sent to sell the cow itself,

instead he would take some beans. After some quarrel over this foolish trade, they come to know that the beans are magic, and the beanstalk growing up to the realm of a giant leads the boy to a castle. There he notices a hen that lays golden eggs, and decides to take the hen as a gift, yet without the permission of the giant. And the story goes on to include some great sets of actions as the plot.