دانلود با لینک مستقیم و پر سرعت .
لینک دانلود و خرید پایین توضیحات
فرمت فایل word و قابل ویرایش و پرینت
تعداد صفحات: 6
Introduction
As long as the whole history of language, people have tried to express themselves through singing or dancing, and sharing those moments with others. All this liveliness and purity is base to the pure literature of children. It is generally and historically believes to be a great deal apart from that of adults, in that it magnifies purity and great qualities of the characters in it: the ones that are always helping, caring, and sharing.
The skies of the works and stories of this literature have always been portrayed as blue with little foamy white clouds. The trees of this realm have never been birdless or leafless. The rivers never dry and the rushing sound of the little streams never stops. All over the history of children's literature a soul of innovation has been dominating and exhaustion of ideas quite far from being observable. The world of this literature has beautifully and interestingly animated every single thing in the place.
The birds do not just sing, they also talk. The stones have lovely conversations with trees. The generosity of the sun never turns into cruelty and it is only in this place that we can make "grass" plural with "es". The universality of this literature is so amazing that no other genre can ever be accepted so warmly and gladly by all people from different parts of the world, and this is children's literature that has remained quite untouched under the destructive effects of today's mechanic life.
The world of children has always been synonymous with delight and purity. Children expect everything that is good to happen. Be it daddy's arrival with a pack of sweet candies or a fantastic and full of cartoon characters mid-day dream. They live in the moment and do not seem to worry about the years and decades to come. Kids just do not think that the man walking on the sidewalk is supposedly the blood-thirsty vampire that most adults are afraid of. To them dark clouds herald the freshness of the rain. They paint the world as they love it to be. Even if any monsters exist in their world, they tend to be cute and sweet story-characters. This nice and fantastic world is best reflected in the works collectively gathered under the umbrella of children's literature.
Peter Hunt in his Criticism, Theory, and Children's Literature defines children's literature as "books read by, especially suitable for, or especially satisfying for, members of the group currently defined as children"(61). He furthermore distinguishes children's literature to be "active", "optimistic", and "child-oriented"(63). This optimism and activity has to do with the concept of freedom embedded in children's works. Roni Natov in his book, The Poetics of Childhood, believes that children's literature "in response to our polluted, war torn, and power-hungry world…in its varied marginal landscapes, suggests an inclusive society in which children can find a safe and creative way to live (263).
He goes on to claim that "the green world of childhood is a response to the worldliness of this world that runs contrary to what is against the children's sense of freedom"(91).
While all the above-mentioned characteristics and definitions bear shades of truth, it seems that the realm of children's literature entails more than just books, as Hunt puts it. This overlapping notion of children's literature enjoys a great deal of other types of work, either written or spoken. Nursery rhymes, lullabies, and fairy tales, as the bases of research in this paper, are all considered to be the inseparable components of children's literature, or to put it more accurately, its scaffolding.
Lullabies as one of the most ancient forms of song have survived through the course of centuries. These soft songs have for quite a long time helped mothers accompany their darling kids to sleep, while their fathers have been away or gone forever. In spite of all the artificialities of the modern age we are living in, children still tend to be sent to sleep, hearing their mothers singing some sweet and soothing lullabies like the ones below.
Bye Baby Bunting is a very beautiful and sweet song that keeps itself singing in the mind of yesterday's and today's kids.
Bye, baby, bunting,
Father's gone hunting,
Mother's gone a-milking.
Sister's gone a-silking,
Brother's gone to buy a skin,
To wrap the baby bunting in.
Sleep, Baby, Sleep is another lullaby which has led hundreds of thousands of children into the fantastic and imaginary world of dreams like that of Alice in Wonderland.
Sleep, baby, sleep,
Our cottage vale is deep.
The little lamb is on the green,
With snowy fleece so soft and clean.
Sleep, baby, sleep,
Sleep, baby, sleep.
Human beings have for a long long time outpoured their feeling physically and vocally. At times of anger shouting has proved helpful. Or when they are in dull pain, moaning has helped them calm down. Yet, the story has not always been so painful and disappointing. There have been times of happiness as well. Men have historically developed some harmonious movements generally known as dance, and for the vocal part they have created songs. Among these songs some are more fanciful and entertaining. Iona and Peter Opie in an introduction to The Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes claim that:
"At least one quarter, and very likely one half of the rhymes are more than 200
years old. More than 40 percent of rhymes have been found recorded before the
close of the 18th century, and at least one quarter of these set down before the close of the previous century"(7).
The elegance and refreshing qualities of nursery rhymes are so great that even a grown up man or woman cannot help moving and humming to the rhythm of these cool songs. Different cultures and different eras have produced diverse rhymes. Some nursery rhymes are well-known and sung in English speaking countries which are mostly recited bye the famous character "Mother Goose". A couple of these rhymes are rather old and are remembered bye the middle-aged or even the ones having enjoyed some score years. "Jack and Jill" is a good example of these old rhymes. It goes:
Jack and Jill went up the hill,
To fetch a pail of water,
Jack fell down and broke his crown,
Jill came tumbling after.
"Humpty Dumpty" is another instance which lies in the story of an egg-shaped doll with the same name. The rhyme goes:
Humpty Dumpty sat on a wall,
Humpty Dumpty had a great fall,
All the king's horse, and all the king's men,
Can't put Humpty Dumpty together again.
A few nursery rhymes are sung in Persian speaking countries. One category includes old ones that are scattered in different regions, some of which are sung on special days. "Haji Firuz" is one of the oldest that is chanted on New Year's Eve and the days prior to it. This delightful rhyme heralds the arrival of the inspiring spring. The song goes:
It's me here, Haji Firuz,
Just once in a year,
Everybody knows that,
I, as well, my dear.
One other category entails the new rhymes that are mainly created
as the byproducts of kids' programs. "The Shepherd" is one of the newest that first appeared in one of the televized children's programs
called "Rangeenkaman", the Persian equivalent for "The Rainbow".
چوپونه کجاست؟ تو صحراست مواظب گله هاست
گله باید چرا کنه وع وع وع صدا کنه
یونجه و شبدر بخوره علف های تر بخوره
چوپون باید زرنگ باشه قوی و اهل جنگ باشه
جنگ با کی؟ با گرگا صد افرین ماشالله
"My Lovely Doll" is another girlish rhyme which is sung to a doll.
عروسک قشنگ من قرمز پوشیده
تو رختخواب مخمل ابیش خوابیده
مامان یه روز رفته بازار اونو خریده
قشنگ تر از عروسکم هیچکس ندیده
عروسک من! چشماتو وا کن
وقتی که شب شد اون وقت لالا کن
بعدش بیا توی حیاط با من بازی کن
During their long and historical journey, fairy tales have exhilarated so many children, and surprisingly enough, a great deal of adults.
Some of these stories are known and recited locally as some means of entertaining people in long and dark nights of the dark centuries prior to the invention of light bulb. The tale of "Sadko" in Russia is one example of these local stories, which is about a man of music who faces some odd events. The gist of the story is: Sadko, a musician of Novgorod who falls in love with the river Volkhov. He plays so well that the lord of the seas invites him to play for him under the ocean. There he meets and marries the daughter of the Lord of the seas who surprisingly turns out to be the river Volkhov personified. A handful of fairy tales are globally acknowledged as the kings and masterpieces of children's literature. One category of these tales includes fictions. By fiction here it is meant that no real-world references are to be found in them. "Pinocchio" is one of the most noticeable instances of these fictions this narrates the story of a doll maker who wishes to have a son. To his great astonishment, one of his dolls turns into a little boy, whom he calls "Pinocchio". The plot is quite easy and pleasing to the fragile minds of the little kids who might read or hear it. Another instance of these fictions is "Jack and the Beanstalk". The story is of a little boy and his widow mother, who try to earn a living bye milking their cow and selling the milk in the marketplace. The boy happens to be sent to sell the cow itself,
instead he would take some beans. After some quarrel over this foolish trade, they come to know that the beans are magic, and the beanstalk growing up to the realm of a giant leads the boy to a castle. There he notices a hen that lays golden eggs, and decides to take the hen as a gift, yet without the permission of the giant. And the story goes on to include some great sets of actions as the plot.
