حسابداری صنعتی
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حسابداری هزینه
حسابداری هزینه ، پروسه ردگیری ، ثبت و تجزیه و تحلیل هزینه های اخنصاص یافته به محصولات یا خدمات یک شرکت است.در حسابداری مدرن ،هزینه ها بر اساس اصول پذیرفته شده حسابداری (GAAP) اندازه گیری میشوند. (GAAP) رویدادهای تاریخی را ثبت میکند و یک ارزش پولی را برای آنها در نظر میگیرد. هزینه ها بر مبنای ارز رایج اندازه گیری میشود. حسابداری هزینه را میتوان به صورت نوعی حسابداری مدیریتی که زنجیره منابع (مجموعه ای از رویدادهای مرتبط با تولید محصول) را به مقادیر مالی تبدیل میکند ،تعریف کرد. مدیران از حسابداری هزینه برای پشتیبانی از تصمیم گیری در مورد کاهش هزینه های شرکت و افزایش سوددهی استفاده میکنند.
حداقل چهار روش وجود دارد:
- حسابداری هزینه یابی استاندارد
- هزینه یابی بر مبنای فعالیت
- حسابداری ظرفیت
- هزینه یابی نهایی
INDUSTRIAL ACCOUNTING
- Cost accounting
Cost accounting is the process of tracking, recording and analyzing costs associated with the products or activities of an organization. In modern accounting, costs are measured in accordance with Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP). GAAP reporting records historical events and assigns a monetary value to each event that has taken place. Costs are measured in units of currency by convention. Cost accounting could also be defined as a kind of management accounting that translates the Supply Chain (the series of events in the production process that, in concert, result in a product) into financial values. Managers use cost accounting to support decision making to reduce a company's costs and improve its profitability.
There are at least four approaches:
- Standard Cost Accounting
- Activity-based Costing
- Throughput Accounting
- Marginal Costing
Origins
Cost accounting has long been used to help managers understand the costs of running a business. Modern cost accounting originated during the industrial revolution, when the complexities of running a large scale business led to the development of systems for recording and tracking costs to help business owners and managers make decisions.
In the early industrial age, most of the costs incurred by a business were what modern accountants call "variable costs" because they varied directly with the amount of production. Money was spent on labor, raw materials, power to run a factory, etc. in direct proportion to production. Managers could simply total the variable costs for a product and use this as a rough guide for decision-making.
Some costs tend to remain the same even during busy periods, unlike variable costs which rise and fall with volume of work. Over time, the importance of these "fixed costs" has become more important to managers. Examples of fixed costs include the depreciation of plant and equipment, and the cost of departments such as maintenance, tooling, production control, purchasing, quality control, storage and handling, plant supervision and engineering. In the early twentieth century, these costs were of little importance to most businesses. However, in the twenty-first century, these costs are often more important than the variable cost of a product, and allocating them to a broad range of products can lead to bad decision making. Managers must understand fixed costs in order to make decisions about products and pricing.
For example: A company produced railway coaches and had only one product. To make each coach, the company needed to purchase $60 of raw materials and components, and pay 6 laborers $40 each
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