Chapter 6 – Neurocognitive Architectures and the Nonsymbolic Foundations of Fractions Understanding

اختصاصی از نیک فایل Chapter 6 – Neurocognitive Architectures and the Nonsymbolic Foundations of Fractions Understanding دانلود با لینک مستقیم و پر سرعت .

Chapter 6 – Neurocognitive Architectures and the Nonsymbolic Foundations of Fractions Underst

ژورنال:Development of Mathematical Cognition

سال:2016

قیمت اصلی:31.50$

Abstract

Children and adults experience pervasive difficulties understanding symbolic fractions. These difficulties have led some to propose that components of the human neurocognitive architecture, especially systems like the approximate number system (ANS), are ill-suited for learning fraction concepts. However, recent research in developmental psychology and neuroscience has revealed neurocognitive architectures—a “ratio processing system” (RPS)—tuned to the holistic magnitudes of nonsymbolic ratios that may be ideally suited for grounding fraction learning. We review this evidence alongside our own recent behavioral and brain imaging work demonstrating that nonsymbolic ratio perception is related to understanding fractions. We argue that this nonsymbolic RPS supports symbolic fraction understanding, similar to how the ANS supports whole-number understanding. We then outline a number of open questions about the RPS and the ways in which it may be used to support fractions learning.

Keywords

• Fractions, Neurocognitive architecture, Educational neuroscience, Fractions instruction,Nonsymbolic ratios, Ratio processing system, Perceptually based training

اختصاصی از نیک فایل Chapter 5 – The Architecture View دانلود با لینک مستقیم و پر سرعت .

Chapter 5 – The Architecture View

ژورنال:Systems Programming

سال: 2016

قیمت اصلی:31.50$

Abstract

This chapter examines distributed systems from the architectural viewpoint and the way in which architectural aspects affect the behavior of the resulting systems and applications. The main focus is on the structure and architecture of distributed applications, including the functional split of business logic across components, the connectivity between the components, and the storage of application state.

Content includes layered and hierarchical design, architectural models for distributed applications, coupling between components, stateful versus stateless design, middleware, virtual machines, software libraries, replication of services, and system models of collective resources and computation resource provision.

Well-known software architecture models that are discussed include client-server, peer-to-peer, three-tier, multitier, and distributed objects.

Key Words

• Architecture, Complexity in distributed systems, Layered architectures, Heterogeneity,Component coupling, Two-tier applications, Three-tier applications, Client-server,
• Peer-to-peer,
• Distributed objects, Middleware,
• Collective computing resources,Software libraries, Refactoring,Static and dynamic linking, Virtual machines, Static and dynamic configuration, Nonfunctional requirements, Service replication,Transparency.