DRUG CALCULATIONS FOR NURSES, A step by step approach, Robert Lapham
2016
مطالب
Part I: Mathematics 1
1 Basics 3
Introduction 5
Arithmetic symbols 6
Basic maths 6
Rules of arithmetic 15
Fractions and decimals 17
Roman numerals 30
Powers or exponentials 31
2 First principles 33
Sense of number and the use of calculators or formulae 33
Estimation of answers 34
The ‘one unit’ rule 35
Checking your answer – does it seem reasonable? 37
Putting it all together 38
Minimizing errors 39
3 Per cent and percentages 41
Introduction 42
Per cent and percentages 42
Converting fractions to percentages and vice versa 43
Converting decimals to percentages and vice versa 43
Calculations involving percentages 44
Drug calculations involving percentages 48
How to use the per cent key on your calculator 51
4 Units and equivalences 55
Introduction 56
SI units 56
Prefixes used in clinical practice 57
Equivalences 58
Conversion from one unit to another 59
Guide to writing units 62
5 Moles and millimoles 65
Introduction 66
What are moles and millimoles? 66
Millimoles and micromoles 67
6 Drug strengths or concentrations 73
Introduction 74
Percentage concentration 75
mg/mL concentrations 77
‘1 in …’ concentrations or ratio strengths 80
Parts per million (ppm) 81
Drugs expressed in units 83
Part II: Performing calculations 87
7 Dosage calculations 89
Introduction 90
Calculating the number of tablets or capsules required 90
Drug dosages based on patient parameters 93
Ways of expressing doses 96
Calculating drug dosages 97
Displacement values or volumes 101
Prescriber calculations 103
8 Infusion rate calculations 107
Introduction 108
Drip rate calculations (drops/min) 109
Conversion of dosages to mL/hour 112
Conversion of mL/hour back to a dose 121
Calculating the length of time for IV infusions 124
Part III: Administering medicines 129
9 Intravenous therapy and infusion devices 131
IV infusion therapy 133
Answers 140
Infusion devices 144
Infusion device classification 148
10 Action and administration of medicines 151
Action and administration of medicines 152
Introduction 153
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics 154
Administration of medicines 167
Promoting the safer use of injectable medicines 175
11 Children and medicines 179
Introduction 180
Drug handling in children 181
Pharmacodynamics 183
Routes of administration of drugs 183
Practical implications 185
Useful reference books 190
Approximate values useful in the calculation of
doses in children 190
12 The elderly and medicines 193
Introduction 194
Drug handling in the elderly 194
Specific problems in the elderly 197
General principles 198
13 Sources and interpretation of drug information 201
Introduction 201
Sources of drug information 202
The internet 203
Summary of product characteristics (SPC) 204
Revision test 211
Section one: basics 211
Per cent and percentages 212
Units and equivalences 212
Drug strengths or concentrations 213
Dosage calculations 213
Infusion rate calculations 214
Compare your scores 215
Answers to problems 216
Answers to problems set in chapters 219
3. Per cent and percentages 220
4. Units and equivalences 222
5. Moles and millimoles 223
6. Drug strengths or concentrations 227
7. Dosage calculations 228
8. Infusion rate calculations 250
10. Action and administration of medicine 278
Appendices 279
1 Body surface area (BSA) estimates 281
2 Weight conversion tables 283
3 Height conversion tables 285
4 Calculation of body mass index (bmi ) 287
5 Estimation of renal function 295
6 Abbreviations used in prescriptions 297
DRUG CALCULATIONS FOR NURSES, A step by step approach, 2016, Robert Lapham